Cool Without Editing Pictures

They're Cool! 

Source: http://forum.vivanews.com/showthread.php?t=78289

10 Most Terrifying and Mysterious Creatures

Here are ten of the most terrifying and bizarre creatures to ever, allegedly, walk the Earth. These creatures defy logic, inspire the imagination and generate fear. They are the subject of numerous movies, documentaries, books and even songs. They have become ingrained in our culture. Do these creatures really exist? Did they ever exist? Or are these merely hoaxes, or the result of over active imaginations? No matter what you believe, I think it is safe to say that the members of this list are the stuff of nightmares, and if encountered, even the most hardened individual would tremble with fear. So let’s open our minds to the incredible, and embark on a brief journey through a world teeming with cryptids. This is a follow up list to theTop 10 Bizarre Cryptids.

10

Dover Demon

This creature was sighted on three separate occasions in the town of Dover, Massachusetts, on April 21 and April 22, 1977. Due to its appearance, there’s speculation as to whether or not this creature was an alien, or the result of some sort of experiment i.e. a human or alien hybrid, while others suggest it came from another dimension. The Dover Demon’s features are as follows – a disproportionately large, watermelon shaped head, glowing orange eyes, long, thin arms and legs with slender fingers. It was said to be hairless, with rough, flesh-toned skin described as a tan color with the texture of sandpaper. The Dover Demon reportedly lacked facial features e.g. it had no nose, ears or mouth. It’s height was 3 feet, and it made a bloodcurdling noise that sounded like a hawk’s screech combined with a snake’s hiss.

9

Jersey Devil

This beast is said to inhabit the Pine Barrens of Southern New Jersey, with tales beginning in the 1800s and continuing until the 20th century. The creature is usually described as a flying biped with hooves, wings like a bat and a head resembling a horse. The legend of this creature stems from a tale about “Mother Leeds’, a local witch who invoked the devil while giving birth to her 13th child. When the baby was born it immediately transformed into a demonic creature and flew off into the surrounding pine barrens. The Jersey Devil was blamed for many livestock killings, strange tracks and bizarre sounds. In the early 1900′s, scores of people in New Jersey and neighboring states claimed to witness the Jersey Devil or see evidence of it’s arrival through strange tracks.

8

Flatwoods Monster

It is claimed that the Flatwoods Monster is some form of extraterrestrial, as this creature was spotted in the vicinity of a large UFO that either hovered above or rested on the ground in the town of Flatwoods, in Braxton County, West Virginia, on September 12, 1952. According to the reports, this creature was huge, at least 10 feet tall. its face gave off a reddish glow, and its body was green in colour. Its head was shaped like a heart or Ace of Spades, and out of this strangely shaped head bulged non-human eyes. The body is described as being shaped similar to a mans and dressed in some sort of dark clothing resembling a skirt. Reports ranged from the creature having no visible arms to short, stubby arms ending in long claw-like fingers.

7

Owlman

Mawnan, Cornwall, around the middle of 1976, is where you’d find the earliest Owlman reports. The first sighting took place on April 17, 1976, where the creature was spotted hovering above the Mawnan church tower. Oddly enough sightings up to August, 1978, all occurred within the vicinity of this church. Reports of the Owlman ceased altogether sometime in 1995. This cryptid looks like an owl (no surprise there, considering it is name), it is the size of a man, it has pointed ears, red eyes and black pincer-like claws. Its body bears some similarities to the more famous Mothman, in that it is described as having large wings and is a grayish color. Interestingly, there were many UFO reports, as well as accounts of animals behaving strangely in the surrounding area just prior to the Owlman sightings. Another similarity to the Mothman case.

6

Lizard Man of Scape Ore Swamp

On a list like this the Lizard Man had to be high. This humanoid cryptid is said to inhabit the swampland areas in and around Lee County, South Carolina. The sightings began on June 29, 1988, with the most recent notable sighting in February, 2008. The creature is described as being 7 feet 2 inches tall, bipedal, has a strong build, green scaly skin and glowing red eyes. Reports state that the Lizard Man has three toes on each foot and three fingers on each hand. These fingers end in a circular pad that apparently enables the creature to stick to walls. As evidenced by the damage done to the vehicles of those unfortunate enough to encounter it, the creature also possesses incredible strength, clearly capable of ripping into a car. Pulling over in this area is a bad idea.

5

Bunyip

For those who grew up in Australasia (primarily Australia and NZ), the bunyip will be familiar. The bunyip is a large mythical creature from Australian Aboriginal mythology, said to lurk in swamps, billabongs, creeks, riverbeds and waterholes. It has been described as a giant starfish that walks on land. Other common descriptions from 19th century newspaper accounts include a dog-like face, dark fur, a horse-like tail, flippers and walrus-like tusks or horns or a duck like bill. The very first use of the word to describe this Australian cryptid appeared in a newspaper in 1845:

“The Bunyip, then, is represented as uniting the characteristics of a bird and of an alligator. It has a head resembling an emu, with a long bill, at the extremity of which is a transverse projection on each side, with serrated edges like the bone of the stingray. Its body and legs partake of the nature of the alligator. The hind legs are remarkably thick and strong, and the fore legs are much longer, but still of great strength. The extremities are furnished with long claws, but the blacks say its usual method of killing its prey is by hugging it to death. When in the water it swims like a frog, and when on shore it walks on its hind legs with its head erect, in which position it measures twelve or thirteen feet in height.”

4

Sigbin

The Sigbin is a creature from the Philippines said to come out at night to suck the blood of victims from their shadows (the Philippines has some amazingly bizarre cryptids as you can see on this list). It is said to walk backwards with its head lowered between its hind legs, and to have the ability to become invisible to other creatures, especially humans. It resembles a hornless goat, but has very large ears which it can clap like a pair of hands and a long, flexible tail that can be used as a whip. The Sigbin is said to emit a nauseating odor. Depending on region and storyteller, the sigbin resembles either a hornless goat, a reptilian crow or something vaguely along the lines of the Chupacabra. What is most common with all accounts is that its head hangs between its forelegs which are much shorter than its hindlegs. Whether because of physiology or because it makes the sigbin seem scarier, it is also known to crabwalk backwards. The sigbin also has a long whip-like tail that emit’s a foul stench and two grasshopper-like legs on its neck that enable it to jump far distances. They wander around at night in search of children to devour but they keep the hearts to make amulets. Most stories and sightings originate from the Cebu region. However, although it is some distance away, in 2005 scientists in Borneo discovered a “cat-fox-like carnivore” with hind legs longer than forelegs giving it an awkward gait and physical appearance that somewhat fits many of the descriptions of the sigbin (e.g. long tail, short forearms, can jump far distances, carnivorous). No conclusive evidence has been found yet to link the two together.

3

Canvey Island Monster

The Canvey Island Monster is the name given to an unusual creature whose carcass washed up on the shores of Canvey Island, England, in November, 1954. A second, more intact, carcass was discovered in August, 1955. The 1954 specimen was described as being 76cm (2.4ft) long with thick reddish brown skin, bulging eyes and gills. It was also described as having hind legs with five-toed horseshoe-shaped feet with concave arches – which appeared to be suited for bipedal locomotion – but no forelimbs. Its remains were cremated after a cursory inspection by zoologists who said that it posed no danger to the public. The 1955 specimen was described as being similar to the first but much larger, being 120cm (3.9 ft) long and weighing approximately 11.3kg (25lb). It was sufficiently fresh for its eyes, nostrils and teeth to be studied, though no official explanation was given at the time as to what it was or what happened to the carcass.

2

Pope Lick Monster

In most accounts, the Pope Lick Monster (named after the Pope Lick Creek below the Pope Lick Train Trestle – shown above) appears as a human-goat hybrid with a grotesquely deformed body of a man. It has powerful, fur-covered goat legs, an alabaster-skinned face with an aquiline nose and wide set eyes. Short, sharp horns protrude from the forehead, nestled in long greasy hair that matched the color of the fur on the legs. Numerous urban legends exist about the creature’s origins and the methods it employs to claim its victims. According to some accounts, the creature uses either hypnosis or voice mimicry to lure trespassers onto the trestle to meet their death before an oncoming train. Other stories claim the monster jumps down from the trestle onto the roofs of cars passing beneath it. Yet other legends tell that it attacks its victims with a blood-stained axe.

1

Goatman

Described as a hybrid beast that bears a horrific mélange of both human and goat-like characteristics, this horned, hoofed, goat featured horror would seem to be a modern re-interpretation of the ancient satyrs found in Greek myths. Yet eyewitnesses claim that this fiend is not a figment from beyond mythology, but a living, breathing, flesh and blood creature, that is not to be trifled with. The first official report of this brute hails from 1957, when eyewitnesses reported seeing a hairy, horned monster in the areas of Forestville and Upper Marlboro in Prince George’s County. Following that wave of sightings, the beast apparently decided to lay low until the summer of 1962, when the Goatman was accused of killing no less than fourteen people — twelve children and two accompanying adults — who were apparently hiking too close to its lair. The survivors, who, of course, remain unidentified, claimed that the Goatman violently hacked it’s victims to pieces with an axe, all the while emitting ghastly sounds only the “devil himself” would make.

Source: http://listverse.com/2010/11/17/10-more-terrifying-and-mysterious-creatures/#4245

Search Engine

 A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web and FTP servers. The search results are generally presented in a list of results and are often called hits. The information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike Web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input.

Timeline
Year	Engine	Event
1993	W3Catalog	Launch
	Aliweb	Launch
	JumpStation	Launch
1994	WebCrawler	Launch
	Go.com	Launch
	Lycos	Launch
1995	AltaVista	Launch
	Daum	Founded
	Open Text Web Index	Launch
	Magellan	Launch
	Excite	Launch
	SAPO	Launch
	Yahoo!	Launch
1996	Dogpile	Launch
	Inktomi	Closed (is not Yahoo!)
	HotBot	Founded
	Ask Jeeves	Founded
1997	Northern Light	Launch
	Yandex	Launch
1998	Google	Launch
1999	AlltheWeb	Launch
	GenieKnows	Founded
	Naver	Launch
	Teoma	Founded
	Vivisimo	Founded
2000	Baidu	Founded
	Exalead	Founded
2003	Info.com	Launch
2004	Yahoo! Search	Final launch
	A9.com	Closed
	Sogou	Launch
2005	MSN Search	Closed (is Bing now)
	Ask.com	Launch
	GoodSearch	Launch
	SearchMe	Founded
2006	wikiseek	Founded
	Quaero	Founded
	Ask.com	Launch
	Live Search	Closed (is now Bing)
	ChaCha	Launch
	Guruji.com	Launch
2007	wikiseek	Closed
	Sproose	Closed
	Wikia Search	Launched
	Blackle.com	Launched
2008	Powerset	Closed (Became Bing)
	Picollator	Closed
	Viewzi	Closed
	Cuil	Launched
	Boogami	Launched
	LeapFish	Beta Launch
	Forestle	Launched
	VADLO	Launched
	Duck Duck Go	Launched
2009	Bing	Launched
	Yebol	Beta Launch
	Mugurdy	Closed due to a lack of funding
	Goby	Launched
2010	Yandex global (English)	Launched
	Cuil	Closed
	Blekko	Beta Launch
	Viewzi	Closed due to a lack of funding

How web search engines work

A search engine operates, in the following order

1. Web crawling
2. Indexing
3. Searching

Web search engines work by storing information about many web pages, which they retrieve from the html itself. These pages are retrieved by a Web crawler (sometimes also known as a spider) — an automated Web browser which follows every link on the site. Exclusions can be made by the use of robots.txt. The contents of each page are then analyzed to determine how it should be indexed (for example, words are extracted from the titles, headings, or special fields called meta tags). Data about web pages are stored in an index database for use in later queries. A query can be a single word. The purpose of an index is to allow information to be found as quickly as possible. Some search engines, such as Google, store all or part of the source page (referred to as a cache) as well as information about the web pages, whereas others, such as AltaVista, store every word of every page they find. This cached page always holds the actual search text since it is the one that was actually indexed, so it can be very useful when the content of the current page has been updated and the search terms are no longer in it. This problem might be considered to be a mild form of linkrot, and Google's handling of it increases usability by satisfying user expectations that the search terms will be on the returned webpage. This satisfies the principle of least astonishment since the user normally expects the search terms to be on the returned pages. Increased search relevance makes these cached pages very useful, even beyond the fact that they may contain data that may no longer be available elsewhere.
When a user enters a query into a search engine (typically by using key words), the engine examines its index and provides a listing of best-matching web pages according to its criteria, usually with a short summary containing the document's title and sometimes parts of the text. The index is built from the information stored with the data and the method by which the information is indexed. Unfortunately, there are currently no known public search engines that allow documents to be searched by date. Most search engines support the use of the boolean operators AND, OR and NOT to further specify the search query. Boolean operators are for literal searches that allow the user to refine and extend the terms of the search. The engine looks for the words or phrases exactly as entered. Some search engines provide an advanced feature called proximity search which allows users to define the distance between keywords. There is also concept-based searching where the research involves using statistical analysis on pages containing the words or phrases you search for. As well, natural language queries allow the user to type a question in the same form one would ask it to a human. A site like this would be ask.com.
The usefulness of a search engine depends on the relevance of the result set it gives back. While there may be millions of web pages that include a particular word or phrase, some pages may be more relevant, popular, or authoritative than others. Most search engines employ methods to rank the results to provide the "best" results first. How a search engine decides which pages are the best matches, and what order the results should be shown in, varies widely from one engine to another. The methods also change over time as Internet usage changes and new techniques evolve. There are two main types of search engine that have evolved: one is a system of predefined and hierarchically ordered keywords that humans have programmed extensively. The other is a system that generates an "inverted index" by analyzing texts it locates. This second form relies much more heavily on the computer itself to do the bulk of the work.
Most Web search engines are commercial ventures supported by advertising revenue and, as a result, some employ the practice of allowing advertisers to pay money to have their listings ranked higher in search results. Those search engines which do not accept money for their search engine results make money by running search related ads alongside the regular search engine results. The search engines make money every time someone clicks on one of these ads.

Market share and wars

According to Net Marketshare. In December 2010, rankings the market share of web search engine, showed Google is 84.65%, Yahoo is 6.69%, Baidu is 3.39%, Bing is 3.29% and other is 1.98%.The Google's worldwide market share peaked at 86.3% in April, 2010.
In the United States, Google held a 63.2% market share in May 2009, according to Nielsen NetRatings.
In the People's Republic of China, Baidu held a 61.6% market share for web search in July 2009.

Search engine bias

Although search engines are programmed to rank websites based on their popularity and relevancy, empirical studies indicate various political, economic, and social biases in the information they provide.These biases could be a direct result of economic and commercial processes (e.g., companies that advertise with a search engine can become also more popular in its organic search results), and political processes (e.g., the removal of search results in order to comply with local laws).Google Bombing is one example of an attempt to manipulate search results for political, social or commercial reasons.

Source: www.wikipedia.org

The Cutest Dogs and Puppies!

Okay so here are some pictures of the cutest dogs and puppies
Sorry I can't clarify each of the dog's species



























Source: http://hubpages.com/hub/The-cutest-dog-photos-from-around-the-world

Perangkat Hardware ADSL

Untuk membangun sebuah jaringan atau networking pasti dibutuhkan peralatan yang dapat menunjangnya. Pada kesempatan kali ini, saya ingin belajar dan berbagi bersama mengenai berbagai perangkat keras atau network hardware yang diperlukan untuk membangun sebuah jaringan komputer.

Dengan mengetahui peralatan apa sajakah yang dibutuhkan dalam membuat sebuah jaringan atau networking, tentu akan mempermudah kita untuk memperkirakan dan juga memperhitungkan berapakah budget yang diperlkan untuk membangun sebuah jaringan atau networking sesuai yang kita inginkan. Hal ini sangat berpenagruh terutama pada administrator jaringan. Ok, langsung saja hardware apa sajakah yang terdapat dalam sebuah jaringan??

1. Kartu Jaringan (Network Interface Card)

Kartu jaringan (Inggris: network interface card disingkat NIC atau juga network card) adalah sebuah kartu yang berfungsi sebagai jembatan dari komputer ke sebuah jaringan komputer. Jenis NIC yang beredar, terbagi menjadi dua jenis, yakni NIC yang bersifat fisik, dan NIC yang bersifat logis. Contoh NIC yang bersifat fisik adalah NIC Ethernet, Token Ring, dan lainnya; sementara NIC yang bersifat logis adalah loopback adapter dan Dial-up Adapter. Disebut juga sebagai Network Adapter. Setiap jenis NIC diberi nomor alamat yang disebut sebagai MAC address, yang dapat bersifat statis atau dapat diubah oleh pengguna.

Komputer jenis terbaru tidak dilengkapi dengan slot ISA bahkan Network Interface umumnya merupakan Onboard system artinya sudah tersedia pada mainboard sehingga tidak perlu lagi dipasang Lan Card. Sesuai dengan besarnya tingkat kebutuhan akan jaringan komputer, sudah banyak mainboard komputer jenis terbaru dilengkapi kartu jaringan secara on board. Secara Kualitas cukup bagus namun penulis berpendapat lebih baik menggunakan kartu jaringan yang terpisah. Salah satu keuntungannya adalah dapat memilih merk tertentu dan mudah diganti apabila terjadi kerusakan.

2. Hub

Hub adalah sebuah perangkat jaringan komputer yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan peralatan-peralatan dengan ethernet 10BaseT atau serat optik sehingga menjadikannya dalam satu segmen jaringan. Hub bekerja pada lapisan fisik (layer 1) pada model OSI.

Jika jumlah port yang tersedia tidak cukup untuk menghubungkan semua komputer yang akan dihubungkan ke dalam satu jaringan dapat digunakan beberapa hub yang dihubungkan secara up-link. Port yang tersedia biasanya sampai 8, 16, 24 atau lebih banyak sesuai kebutuhan Anda. Untuk kecepatan, Anda dapat menggunakan HUB 10 atau Switch 10/100. Sebaiknya menggunakan 10/100 karena dapat digunakan untuk jaringan berkecepatan maksimal 10 atau 100. Hub ada yang mendukung penggunaan kabel coax yang menukung topologi BUS dan UTP yang mendukung topologi STAR. Namun type terbaru cenderung hanya menyediakan dukungan untuk penggunaan kabel UTP.

3. Switch

Switch jaringan (atau switch untuk singkatnya) adalah sebuah alat jaringan yang melakukan bridging transparan (penghubung segementasi banyak jaringan dengan forwarding berdasarkan alamat MAC).Switch jaringan dapat digunakan sebagai penghubung komputer atau router pada satu area yang terbatas, switch juga bekerja pada lapisan data link, cara kerja switch hampir sama seperti bridge, tetapi switch memiliki sejumlah port sehingga sering dinamakan multi-port bridge.

Switch merupakan pengembangan dari konsep Bridge. Ada dua arsitektur dasar yang digunakan pada switch, yaitu cut-through dan store and forward. Switch cut-through mempunyai kelebihan di sisi kecepatan karena ketika sebuah paket datang, switch hanya memperhatikan alamat tujuan sebelum diteruskan ke segmen tujuannya, sedangkan switch store and forward merupakan kebalikannya. Switch ini menerima dan memeriksa seluruh isi paket sebelum meneruskannya ke tujuan dan untuk memeriksa satu paket memerlukan waktu, tetapi proses ini memungkinkan switch mengetahui adanya kerusakan pada paket data dan mencegahnya agar tidak mengganggu jaringan.

Dengan Swith terdapat beberapa kelebihan karena semua segmen jaringan memiliki bandwidth 10 Mbps penuh. Tidak terbagi seperti share network pada penggunaan Hub.

4. Router

 

Cisco Router

Router adalah sebuah alat jaringan komputer yang mengirimkan paket data melalui sebuah jaringan atau Internet menuju tujuannya, melalui sebuah proses yang dikenal sebagai routing. Proses routing terjadi pada lapisan 3 (Lapisan jaringan seperti Internet Protocol) dari stack protokol tujuh-lapis OSI.

Router tidak mempunyai kemampuan untuk mempelajari, namun dapat menentukan path (alur) data antara dua jaringan yang paling eficien. Router beroperasi pada lapisan Network (lapisan ketiga OSI.). Router tidak mempedulikan topologi dan tingkat access yang digunakan oleh jaringan. Karena ia beroperasi pada lapisan jaringan. Ia tidak dihalangi oleh media atau protokol komunikasi. Bridge mengetahui tujuan akhir paket data, Router hanya mengetahui dimana router berikutnya ditempatkan. Ia dapat digunakan untuk menghubungkan jaringan yang menggunakan protokol tingkat tinggi yang sama. Jika paket data tiba pada router, ia menentukan rute yang terbaik bagi paket dengan mengadakan pengecekan pada tabel router. Ia hanya melihat hanya melihat paket yang dikirimkan kepadanya oleh router sebelumnya.

5. Bridge

 

Wireless Bridge

Bridge digunakan untuk menghubungan antar jaringan yang mempunyai protokol yang sama. Hasil akhirnya adalah jaringan logis tunggal. Bridge juga dapat digunakan jaringan yang mempunyai media fisik yang berbeda. Contoh jaringan yang menggunakan fiber obtik dengan jaringan yang menggunakan coacial.

Bridge mempelajari alamat tujuan lalulintas yang melewatinya dan mengarahkan ke tujuan. Juga digunakan untuk menyekat jaringan. Jika jaringan diperlambat dengan adanya lalulintas yang penuh maka jaringan dapat dibagi menjadi dua kesatuan yang lebih kecil.

6. Repeater

 

Home Repeater

Repeter ini bekerja pada Physical Layer dalam model OSI. Fungsi Repeater ini sederhananya adalah meneruskan paket data yang dikirim dari PC tanpa memiliki kecerdasan seperti Router yang memiliki filtering destination baik IP, MAC Address dan lain-lain sehingga hanya memiliki kemampuan meneruskan saja ke alamat yang akan dituju.

Data yang dikirim oleh sebuah computer akan disampaikan ke tujuan dengan menyebarkan berita (broadcast) ke seluruh computer yang terhubung dalam satu terminal (Repeater), akibatnya seluruh computer yang terhubung akan menerima paket data dan jika dalam waktu yang bersamaan ada computer lain yang mengirim paket data maka yang terjadi adalah crush atau tumbukan data, dan ini akan mempengaruhi kelancaran arus data dalam jaringan tersebut.

Repeater tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk meneruskan data ke computer lain yang berada dalam broadcast domain atau network ID yang lain, oleh sebab itu IP Address yang diberikan pada computer yang berada dalam LAN yang sama biasanya memiliki network yang sama pula.

7. Brouter

Adalah yang menggabungkan teknologi bridge dan router. Bahkan secara tidak tepat seringkali disebut sebagai router multiprotokol. Walau pada kenyataannya ia lebih rumit dari pada apa yang disebut router multiprotokol yang sebenarnya.

8. Konektor UTP (RJ-45)

Untuk menghubungkan kabel UTP diperlukan konektor RJ-45 atau sejenis jack yang bentuknya mirip dengan jack kabel telepon (RJ-11) namun memiliki lebih banyak pin. Konektor tersebut dipasang di kedua ujung kabel dengan peralatan tang khusus UTP, yang bernama tang crimping (crimping tool). Namun jika belum bisa memasangnya, Anda dapat meminta sekaligus memasangkan pada saat membeli kabel UTP.

9. Kabel UTP

Ada beberapa jenis kabel yang digunakan dalam jaringan network, (seperti kabel UTP, STP, Coaxial, dll) namun yang paling banyak dipakai pada private network/Local Area Network saat ini adalah kabel UTP.

10. Cluster Control Unit

 Cluster Control Unit

Cluster Control Unit membangun hubungan antara terminal yang dikendalikannya dengan perlatan-peralatan dan jaringan. Alat ini memungkinkan beberapa terminal berbagi satu printer atau mengakses beberapa komputer melalui jaringan yang bebeda. Cluster Control Unit dapat pula mengerjakan pemeriksaan kesalahan dan pengubahan kode.

11. Multiplexer

 

Optical Fiber Multiplexer

Saat beberapa terminal harus berbagi satu saluran pada saat yang sama, multiplexer dapat ditambahkan pada tiap ujung. Multiplexer adalah suatu alat yang memungkinkan pengiriman dan penerimaan bebrpa pesan secara serentak. Penambahan multiplexer berdampak seperti mengubah jalan satu jalur menjadi jalur bebas hambatan dengan beberapa jalur.

Pengaturan nomor port dan protokol yang mengirim data pada modul sofware yang benar didalam host.

12. Front-end Processor

Front-end Processor menangani lalulintas Jaringan komputer yang masuk dan keluar dari host komputer. Kedua komputer tersebut dapat merupakan jenis apapun, tetapi configurasi yang umum terdiri dari sejenis komputer mini khusus yang berfungsi sebagai front-end processor dan sebuah mainframe yang menjadi host.

Front-end Processor berfungsi sebagai unit input dari host dengan mengumpuklkan pesan-pesan yang masuk dan menyiapkan data bagi host. Front-end Processor juga berfungsi sebagai unit output dari host dengan menerima pesan-pesan untuk transmisi ke terminal.

Walau kecepatan transmisi antara saluran dan front end Processor relatif lambat ( dalam banyak kasus bit-bit ditransmisikan secara serial ) kecepatan tarnsmisi front-end processor dengan host dapat berlangsung secara cepat ( beberapa bit ditransmisikan secara paralel).

Sebagian front-end processor melakukan message switching dengan mengatur rute (routing) pesan dari suatu terminal ke yang lain tanpa melibatkan host. Jika karena suatu hal terminal penerima tidak dapat menerima pesan (mungkin sedangan digunakan atau rusak) front-end processor dapat menyimpan pesan tersebut dalam penyimpanan sekunder dan mengirimkannya nanti. Kemampuan ini disebut simpan dan teruskan (store and forward).

13. Server / Host

 Server Room

Server atau server computer yaitu komputer yang bertugas menjadi pusat data dan melayani bagi komputer atau perangkat-perangkat yang terhubung dalam sebuah jaringan. Server bisa juga kita gambarkan sebagai induk dalam sebuah jaringan. Server mempunyai tugas mengatur dan mengelola berbagai resource atau sumberdaya yang terdapat dalam jaringan tersebut.

Sebenarnya setiap PC bertanggung jawab mengelola resourcenya dan membagikannya kepada PC yang lain. PC manapun yang memberikan resourcenya dianggap sebagai server, dan PC yang mengakses ke resource PC lain disebut client. Dan inilah yang dimaksud jaringan peer-to-peer.

Juga dalam server terdapat istilah Dedicated server, apakah artinya? Dedicated server adalah komputer yang dibuat dan disediakan khusus untuk menjadi server. Komputer ini biasanya hanya digunakan sebagai pengatur berbagai sumberdaya yang terdapat di dalam jaringan. Karena mempunyai tugas yang berat, maka Dedicated Server biasanya juga didesain agar mampu menjalankan pekerjaan-pekerjaan tersebut. Karena itulah dedicated server ini biasanya mempunyai sumberdaya yang lebih banyak jika dibandingkan dengan PC client.

Host/Server mengerjakan pemrosesan data untuk jaringan. Pesan-pesan yang masuk ditangani dengan cara yang sama dengan data yang di terima dari unit unit jenis apapun. Setelah pemrosesan pesan dapat ditransmisikan kembali ke front-end processor untuk routing.

14. Gateway

Gateway dilengkapi dengan lapisan 6 atau 7 yang mendukung susunan protokol OSI. Ia adalah metode penyambungan jaringan ke jaringan dan jaringan ke host yang paling canggih. Gateway dapat digunakan untuk menghubungkan jaringan yang mempunyai arsitektur berbeda misalnya PC berdasarkan Novell dengan jaringan SNA atau Ethernet

15. Modem

 ADSL Modem

Satu-satunya saat modem tidak diperlukan adalah saat telephone tombol digunakan sebagai terminal. Semua saluran jaringan komputer lain memerlukan modem pada tiap ujungnya. Modem dirancang untuk beroperasi pada kecepatan tertentu biasanya 300, 1200, 2400, 4800 atau 96000 bit per detik (bps) dan seterusnya kecepatan modem menentukan kecepatan transmisi data.

ADSL adalah type modem untuk penggunaan access internet kecepatan tinggi. Umumnya modem ADSL merupakan integrasi dari modem, firewall dan ethernet switch serta router dan mungkin juga dengan transceiver. Modem ADSL bekerja pada frekuensi yang berbeda dengan frekuensi yang digunakan dalam percakapan telephone sehingga saluran telephone dapat digunakan untuk percakapan bersamaan dengan penggunaan transmisi data melalui modem ADSL.

16. Radio

Radio OMNI

Transmisi data juga dilakukan melalui frekuensi radio seperti yang digunakan pada jaringan perbankan, Travel, warnet. Peralatan ini masih dikuasai perusahaan penyedia layanan public (provider) seperti PT Lintas Artha, Indosat, Telkomsel. Fren. Untuk lingkup lebih kecil tersedia wireless untuk pembuatan jaringan lokal tanpa kabel. Misalnya dengan Modem ADSL yang dilengkapi dengan wireless router dapat digunakan untuk jaringngan lokal pada ruangan. Hanya saja kemampuan wireless tidak dapat atau terganggu oleh partisi terutama partisi beton. Sehingga tidak efektif digunakan untuk jaringgan lokal suatu perusahaan dimana client computer tersebar di dalam ruangan tertutup.

17. Access-Point

 

Fungsi Access Point ibaratnya sebagai Hub/Switch di jaringan lokal, yang bertindak untuk menghubungkan jaringan lokal dengan jaringan wireless/nirkabel para client. Di access point inilah koneksi internet dari tempat anda dipancarkan atau dikirim melalui gelombang radio. Ukuran kekuatan sinyal juga mempengaruhi area coverage yang akan dijangkau, semakin tinggi kekuatan sinyal (ukurannya dalam satuan dBm atau mW) semakin luas jangkauannya.